README.md

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# Ajv: Another JSON Schema Validator

The fastest JSON Schema validator for Node.js and browser with draft 6 support.


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## Using version 5

[JSON Schema draft-06](https://trac.tools.ietf.org/html/draft-wright-json-schema-validation-01) is published.

[Ajv version 5.0.0](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/releases/tag/5.0.0) that supports draft-06 is released. It may require either migrating your schemas or updating your code (to continue using draft-04 and v5 schemas).

__Please note__: To use Ajv with draft-04 schemas you need to explicitly add meta-schema to the validator instance:

```javascript
ajv.addMetaSchema(require('ajv/lib/refs/json-schema-draft-04.json'));
```


## Contents

- [Performance](#performance)
- [Features](#features)
- [Getting started](#getting-started)
- [Frequently Asked Questions](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/blob/master/FAQ.md)
- [Using in browser](#using-in-browser)
- [Command line interface](#command-line-interface)
- Validation
  - [Keywords](#validation-keywords)
  - [Formats](#formats)
  - [Combining schemas with $ref](#ref)
  - [$data reference](#data-reference)
  - NEW: [$merge and $patch keywords](#merge-and-patch-keywords)
  - [Defining custom keywords](#defining-custom-keywords)
  - [Asynchronous schema compilation](#asynchronous-schema-compilation)
  - [Asynchronous validation](#asynchronous-validation)
- Modifying data during validation
  - [Filtering data](#filtering-data)
  - [Assigning defaults](#assigning-defaults)
  - [Coercing data types](#coercing-data-types)
- API
  - [Methods](#api)
  - [Options](#options)
  - [Validation errors](#validation-errors)
- [Related packages](#related-packages)
- [Packages using Ajv](#some-packages-using-ajv)
- [Tests, Contributing, History, License](#tests)


## Performance

Ajv generates code using [doT templates](https://github.com/olado/doT) to turn JSON schemas into super-fast validation functions that are efficient for v8 optimization.

Currently Ajv is the fastest and the most standard compliant validator according to these benchmarks:

- [json-schema-benchmark](https://github.com/ebdrup/json-schema-benchmark) - 50% faster than the second place
- [jsck benchmark](https://github.com/pandastrike/jsck#benchmarks) - 20-190% faster
- [z-schema benchmark](https://rawgit.com/zaggino/z-schema/master/benchmark/results.html)
- [themis benchmark](https://cdn.rawgit.com/playlyfe/themis/master/benchmark/results.html)


Performance of different validators by [json-schema-benchmark](https://github.com/ebdrup/json-schema-benchmark):

[![performance](https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?chxt=x,y&cht=bhs&chco=76A4FB&chls=2.0&chbh=32,4,1&chs=600x416&chxl=-1:%7Cajv%7Cis-my-json-valid%7Cjsen%7Cschemasaurus%7Cthemis%7Cz-schema%7Cjsck%7Cjsonschema%7Cskeemas%7Ctv4%7Cjayschema&chd=t:100,68,61,22.8,17.6,6.6,2.7,0.9,0.7,0.4,0.1)](https://github.com/ebdrup/json-schema-benchmark/blob/master/README.md#performance)


## Features

- Ajv implements full JSON Schema [draft 6](http://json-schema.org/) and draft 4 standards:
  - all validation keywords (see [JSON Schema validation keywords](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/blob/master/KEYWORDS.md))
  - full support of remote refs (remote schemas have to be added with `addSchema` or compiled to be available)
  - support of circular references between schemas
  - correct string lengths for strings with unicode pairs (can be turned off)
  - [formats](#formats) defined by JSON Schema draft 4 standard and custom formats (can be turned off)
  - [validates schemas against meta-schema](#api-validateschema)
- supports [browsers](#using-in-browser) and Node.js 0.10-8.x
- [asynchronous loading](#asynchronous-schema-compilation) of referenced schemas during compilation
- "All errors" validation mode with [option allErrors](#options)
- [error messages with parameters](#validation-errors) describing error reasons to allow creating custom error messages
- i18n error messages support with [ajv-i18n](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv-i18n) package
- [filtering data](#filtering-data) from additional properties
- [assigning defaults](#assigning-defaults) to missing properties and items
- [coercing data](#coercing-data-types) to the types specified in `type` keywords
- [custom keywords](#defining-custom-keywords)
- draft-6 keywords `const`, `contains` and `propertyNames`
- draft-6 boolean schemas (`true`/`false` as a schema to always pass/fail).
- keywords `switch`, `patternRequired`, `formatMaximum` / `formatMinimum` and `formatExclusiveMaximum` / `formatExclusiveMinimum` from [JSON-schema extension proposals](https://github.com/json-schema/json-schema/wiki/v5-Proposals) with [ajv-keywords](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv-keywords) package
- [$data reference](#data-reference) to use values from the validated data as values for the schema keywords
- [asynchronous validation](#asynchronous-validation) of custom formats and keywords

Currently Ajv is the only validator that passes all the tests from [JSON Schema Test Suite](https://github.com/json-schema/JSON-Schema-Test-Suite) (according to [json-schema-benchmark](https://github.com/ebdrup/json-schema-benchmark), apart from the test that requires that `1.0` is not an integer that is impossible to satisfy in JavaScript).


## Install

```
npm install ajv
```


## <a name="usage"></a>Getting started

Try it in the Node.js REPL: https://tonicdev.com/npm/ajv


The fastest validation call:

```javascript
var Ajv = require('ajv');
var ajv = new Ajv(); // options can be passed, e.g. {allErrors: true}
var validate = ajv.compile(schema);
var valid = validate(data);
if (!valid) console.log(validate.errors);
```

or with less code

```javascript
// ...
var valid = ajv.validate(schema, data);
if (!valid) console.log(ajv.errors);
// ...
```

or

```javascript
// ...
ajv.addSchema(schema, 'mySchema');
var valid = ajv.validate('mySchema', data);
if (!valid) console.log(ajv.errorsText());
// ...
```

See [API](#api) and [Options](#options) for more details.

Ajv compiles schemas to functions and caches them in all cases (using schema serialized with [fast-json-stable-stringify](https://github.com/epoberezkin/fast-json-stable-stringify) or a custom function as a key), so that the next time the same schema is used (not necessarily the same object instance) it won't be compiled again.

The best performance is achieved when using compiled functions returned by `compile` or `getSchema` methods (there is no additional function call).

__Please note__: every time a validation function or `ajv.validate` are called `errors` property is overwritten. You need to copy `errors` array reference to another variable if you want to use it later (e.g., in the callback). See [Validation errors](#validation-errors)


## Using in browser

You can require Ajv directly from the code you browserify - in this case Ajv will be a part of your bundle.

If you need to use Ajv in several bundles you can create a separate UMD bundle using `npm run bundle` script (thanks to [siddo420](https://github.com/siddo420)).

Then you need to load Ajv in the browser:
```html
<script src="ajv.min.js"></script>
```

This bundle can be used with different module systems; it creates global `Ajv` if no module system is found.

The browser bundle is available on [cdnjs](https://cdnjs.com/libraries/ajv).

Ajv is tested with these browsers:

[![Sauce Test Status](https://saucelabs.com/browser-matrix/epoberezkin.svg)](https://saucelabs.com/u/epoberezkin)

__Please note__: some frameworks, e.g. Dojo, may redefine global require in such way that is not compatible with CommonJS module format. In such case Ajv bundle has to be loaded before the framework and then you can use global Ajv (see issue [#234](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/issues/234)).


## Command line interface

CLI is available as a separate npm package [ajv-cli](https://github.com/jessedc/ajv-cli). It supports:

- compiling JSON-schemas to test their validity
- BETA: generating standalone module exporting a validation function to be used without Ajv (using [ajv-pack](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv-pack))
- migrate schemas to draft-06 (using [json-schema-migrate](https://github.com/epoberezkin/json-schema-migrate))
- validating data file(s) against JSON-schema
- testing expected validity of data against JSON-schema
- referenced schemas
- custom meta-schemas
- files in JSON and JavaScript format
- all Ajv options
- reporting changes in data after validation in [JSON-patch](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6902) format


## Validation keywords

Ajv supports all validation keywords from draft 4 of JSON-schema standard:

- [type](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/blob/master/KEYWORDS.md#type)
- [for numbers](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/blob/master/KEYWORDS.md#keywords-for-numbers) - maximum, minimum, exclusiveMaximum, exclusiveMinimum, multipleOf
- [for strings](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/blob/master/KEYWORDS.md#keywords-for-strings) - maxLength, minLength, pattern, format
- [for arrays](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/blob/master/KEYWORDS.md#keywords-for-arrays) - maxItems, minItems, uniqueItems, items, additionalItems, [contains](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/blob/master/KEYWORDS.md#contains)
- [for objects](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/blob/master/KEYWORDS.md#keywords-for-objects) - maxProperties, minProperties, required, properties, patternProperties, additionalProperties, dependencies, [propertyNames](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/blob/master/KEYWORDS.md#propertynames)
- [for all types](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/blob/master/KEYWORDS.md#keywords-for-all-types) - enum, [const](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/blob/master/KEYWORDS.md#const)
- [compound keywords](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/blob/master/KEYWORDS.md#compound-keywords) - not, oneOf, anyOf, allOf

With [ajv-keywords](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv-keywords) package Ajv also supports validation keywords from [JSON Schema extension proposals](https://github.com/json-schema/json-schema/wiki/v5-Proposals) for JSON-schema standard:

- [switch](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/blob/master/KEYWORDS.md#switch-proposed) - conditional validation with a sequence of if/then clauses
- [patternRequired](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/blob/master/KEYWORDS.md#patternrequired-proposed) - like `required` but with patterns that some property should match.
- [formatMaximum, formatMinimum, formatExclusiveMaximum, formatExclusiveMinimum](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/blob/master/KEYWORDS.md#formatmaximum--formatminimum-and-exclusiveformatmaximum--exclusiveformatminimum-proposed) - setting limits for date, time, etc.

See [JSON Schema validation keywords](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/blob/master/KEYWORDS.md) for more details.


## Formats

The following formats are supported for string validation with "format" keyword:

- _date_: full-date according to [RFC3339](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3339#section-5.6).
- _time_: time with optional time-zone.
- _date-time_: date-time from the same source (time-zone is mandatory). `date`, `time` and `date-time` validate ranges in `full` mode and only regexp in `fast` mode (see [options](#options)).
- _uri_: full uri with optional protocol.
- _url_: [URL record](https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-url).
- _uri-template_: URI template according to [RFC6570](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6570)
- _email_: email address.
- _hostname_: host name according to [RFC1034](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1034#section-3.5).
- _ipv4_: IP address v4.
- _ipv6_: IP address v6.
- _regex_: tests whether a string is a valid regular expression by passing it to RegExp constructor.
- _uuid_: Universally Unique IDentifier according to [RFC4122](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4122).
- _json-pointer_: JSON-pointer according to [RFC6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901).
- _relative-json-pointer_: relative JSON-pointer according to [this draft](http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-luff-relative-json-pointer-00).

There are two modes of format validation: `fast` and `full`. This mode affects formats `date`, `time`, `date-time`, `uri`, `email`, and `hostname`. See [Options](#options) for details.

You can add additional formats and replace any of the formats above using [addFormat](#api-addformat) method.

The option `unknownFormats` allows changing the default behaviour when an unknown format is encountered. In this case Ajv can either fail schema compilation (default) or ignore it (default in versions before 5.0.0). You also can whitelist specific format(s) to be ignored. See [Options](#options) for details.

You can find patterns used for format validation and the sources that were used in [formats.js](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/blob/master/lib/compile/formats.js).


## <a name="ref"></a>Combining schemas with $ref

You can structure your validation logic across multiple schema files and have schemas reference each other using `$ref` keyword.

Example:

```javascript
var schema = {
  "$id": "http://example.com/schemas/schema.json",
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "foo": { "$ref": "defs.json#/definitions/int" },
    "bar": { "$ref": "defs.json#/definitions/str" }
  }
};

var defsSchema = {
  "$id": "http://example.com/schemas/defs.json",
  "definitions": {
    "int": { "type": "integer" },
    "str": { "type": "string" }
  }
};
```

Now to compile your schema you can either pass all schemas to Ajv instance:

```javascript
var ajv = new Ajv({schemas: [schema, defsSchema]});
var validate = ajv.getSchema('http://example.com/schemas/schema.json');
```

or use `addSchema` method:

```javascript
var ajv = new Ajv;
ajv.addSchema(defsSchema);
var validate = ajv.compile(schema);
```

See [Options](#options) and [addSchema](#api) method.

__Please note__:
- `$ref` is resolved as the uri-reference using schema $id as the base URI (see the example).
- References can be recursive (and mutually recursive) to implement the schemas for different data structures (such as linked lists, trees, graphs, etc.).
- You don't have to host your schema files at the URIs that you use as schema $id. These URIs are only used to identify the schemas, and according to JSON Schema specification validators should not expect to be able to download the schemas from these URIs.
- The actual location of the schema file in the file system is not used.
- You can pass the identifier of the schema as the second parameter of `addSchema` method or as a property name in `schemas` option. This identifier can be used instead of (or in addition to) schema $id.
- You cannot have the same $id (or the schema identifier) used for more than one schema - the exception will be thrown.
- You can implement dynamic resolution of the referenced schemas using `compileAsync` method. In this way you can store schemas in any system (files, web, database, etc.) and reference them without explicitly adding to Ajv instance. See [Asynchronous schema compilation](#asynchronous-schema-compilation).


## $data reference

With `$data` option you can use values from the validated data as the values for the schema keywords. See [proposal](https://github.com/json-schema/json-schema/wiki/$data-(v5-proposal)) for more information about how it works.

`$data` reference is supported in the keywords: const, enum, format, maximum/minimum, exclusiveMaximum / exclusiveMinimum, maxLength / minLength, maxItems / minItems, maxProperties / minProperties, formatMaximum / formatMinimum, formatExclusiveMaximum / formatExclusiveMinimum, multipleOf, pattern, required, uniqueItems.

The value of "$data" should be a [JSON-pointer](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901) to the data (the root is always the top level data object, even if the $data reference is inside a referenced subschema) or a [relative JSON-pointer](http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-luff-relative-json-pointer-00) (it is relative to the current point in data; if the $data reference is inside a referenced subschema it cannot point to the data outside of the root level for this subschema).

Examples.

This schema requires that the value in property `smaller` is less or equal than the value in the property larger:

```javascript
var ajv = new Ajv({$data: true});

var schema = {
  "properties": {
    "smaller": {
      "type": "number",
      "maximum": { "$data": "1/larger" }
    },
    "larger": { "type": "number" }
  }
};

var validData = {
  smaller: 5,
  larger: 7
};

ajv.validate(schema, validData); // true
```

This schema requires that the properties have the same format as their field names:

```javascript
var schema = {
  "additionalProperties": {
    "type": "string",
    "format": { "$data": "0#" }
  }
};

var validData = {
  'date-time': '1963-06-19T08:30:06.283185Z',
  email: 'joe.bloggs@example.com'
}
```

`$data` reference is resolved safely - it won't throw even if some property is undefined. If `$data` resolves to `undefined` the validation succeeds (with the exclusion of `const` keyword). If `$data` resolves to incorrect type (e.g. not "number" for maximum keyword) the validation fails.


## $merge and $patch keywords

With the package [ajv-merge-patch](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv-merge-patch) you can use the keywords `$merge` and `$patch` that allow extending JSON-schemas with patches using formats [JSON Merge Patch (RFC 7396)](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7396) and [JSON Patch (RFC 6902)](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6902).

To add keywords `$merge` and `$patch` to Ajv instance use this code:

```javascript
require('ajv-merge-patch')(ajv);
```

Examples.

Using `$merge`:

```json
{
  "$merge": {
    "source": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": { "p": { "type": "string" } },
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "with": {
      "properties": { "q": { "type": "number" } }
    }
  }
}
```

Using `$patch`:

```json
{
  "$patch": {
    "source": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": { "p": { "type": "string" } },
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    "with": [
      { "op": "add", "path": "/properties/q", "value": { "type": "number" } }
    ]
  }
}
```

The schemas above are equivalent to this schema:

```json
{
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "p": { "type": "string" },
    "q": { "type": "number" }
  },
  "additionalProperties": false
}
```

The properties `source` and `with` in the keywords `$merge` and `$patch` can use absolute or relative `$ref` to point to other schemas previously added to the Ajv instance or to the fragments of the current schema.

See the package [ajv-merge-patch](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv-merge-patch) for more information.


## Defining custom keywords

The advantages of using custom keywords are:

- allow creating validation scenarios that cannot be expressed using JSON Schema
- simplify your schemas
- help bringing a bigger part of the validation logic to your schemas
- make your schemas more expressive, less verbose and closer to your application domain
- implement custom data processors that modify your data (`modifying` option MUST be used in keyword definition) and/or create side effects while the data is being validated

If a keyword is used only for side-effects and its validation result is pre-defined, use option `valid: true/false` in keyword definition to simplify both generated code (no error handling in case of `valid: true`) and your keyword functions (no need to return any validation result).

The concerns you have to be aware of when extending JSON-schema standard with custom keywords are the portability and understanding of your schemas. You will have to support these custom keywords on other platforms and to properly document these keywords so that everybody can understand them in your schemas.

You can define custom keywords with [addKeyword](#api-addkeyword) method. Keywords are defined on the `ajv` instance level - new instances will not have previously defined keywords.

Ajv allows defining keywords with:
- validation function
- compilation function
- macro function
- inline compilation function that should return code (as string) that will be inlined in the currently compiled schema.

Example. `range` and `exclusiveRange` keywords using compiled schema:

```javascript
ajv.addKeyword('range', { type: 'number', compile: function (sch, parentSchema) {
  var min = sch[0];
  var max = sch[1];

  return parentSchema.exclusiveRange === true
          ? function (data) { return data > min && data < max; }
          : function (data) { return data >= min && data <= max; }
} });

var schema = { "range": [2, 4], "exclusiveRange": true };
var validate = ajv.compile(schema);
console.log(validate(2.01)); // true
console.log(validate(3.99)); // true
console.log(validate(2)); // false
console.log(validate(4)); // false
```

Several custom keywords (typeof, instanceof, range and propertyNames) are defined in [ajv-keywords](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv-keywords) package - they can be used for your schemas and as a starting point for your own custom keywords.

See [Defining custom keywords](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/blob/master/CUSTOM.md) for more details.


## Asynchronous schema compilation

During asynchronous compilation remote references are loaded using supplied function. See `compileAsync` [method](#api-compileAsync) and `loadSchema` [option](#options).

Example:

```javascript
var ajv = new Ajv({ loadSchema: loadSchema });

ajv.compileAsync(schema).then(function (validate) {
  var valid = validate(data);
  // ...
});

function loadSchema(uri) {
  return request.json(uri).then(function (res) {
    if (res.statusCode >= 400)
      throw new Error('Loading error: ' + res.statusCode);
    return res.body;
  });
}
```

__Please note__: [Option](#options) `missingRefs` should NOT be set to `"ignore"` or `"fail"` for asynchronous compilation to work.


## Asynchronous validation

Example in Node.js REPL: https://tonicdev.com/esp/ajv-asynchronous-validation

You can define custom formats and keywords that perform validation asynchronously by accessing database or some other service. You should add `async: true` in the keyword or format definition (see [addFormat](#api-addformat), [addKeyword](#api-addkeyword) and [Defining custom keywords](#defining-custom-keywords)).

If your schema uses asynchronous formats/keywords or refers to some schema that contains them it should have `"$async": true` keyword so that Ajv can compile it correctly. If asynchronous format/keyword or reference to asynchronous schema is used in the schema without `$async` keyword Ajv will throw an exception during schema compilation.

__Please note__: all asynchronous subschemas that are referenced from the current or other schemas should have `"$async": true` keyword as well, otherwise the schema compilation will fail.

Validation function for an asynchronous custom format/keyword should return a promise that resolves with `true` or `false` (or rejects with `new Ajv.ValidationError(errors)` if you want to return custom errors from the keyword function). Ajv compiles asynchronous schemas to either [es7 async functions](http://tc39.github.io/ecmascript-asyncawait/) that can optionally be transpiled with [nodent](https://github.com/MatAtBread/nodent) or with [regenerator](https://github.com/facebook/regenerator) or to [generator functions](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/function*) that can be optionally transpiled with regenerator as well. You can also supply any other transpiler as a function. See [Options](#options).

The compiled validation function has `$async: true` property (if the schema is asynchronous), so you can differentiate these functions if you are using both synchronous and asynchronous schemas.

If you are using generators, the compiled validation function can be either wrapped with [co](https://github.com/tj/co) (default) or returned as generator function, that can be used directly, e.g. in [koa](http://koajs.com/) 1.0. `co` is a small library, it is included in Ajv (both as npm dependency and in the browser bundle).

Async functions are currently supported in Chrome 55, Firefox 52, Node.js 7 (with --harmony-async-await) and MS Edge 13 (with flag).

Generator functions are currently supported in Chrome, Firefox and Node.js.

If you are using Ajv in other browsers or in older versions of Node.js you should use one of available transpiling options. All provided async modes use global Promise class. If your platform does not have Promise you should use a polyfill that defines it.

Validation result will be a promise that resolves with validated data or rejects with an exception `Ajv.ValidationError` that contains the array of validation errors in `errors` property.


Example:

```javascript
/**
 * Default mode is non-transpiled generator function wrapped with `co`.
 * Using package ajv-async (https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv-async)
 * you can auto-detect the best async mode.
 * In this case, without "async" and "transpile" options
 * (or with option {async: true})
 * Ajv will choose the first supported/installed option in this order:
 * 1. native async function
 * 2. native generator function wrapped with co
 * 3. es7 async functions transpiled with nodent
 * 4. es7 async functions transpiled with regenerator
 */

var setupAsync = require('ajv-async');
var ajv = setupAsync(new Ajv);

ajv.addKeyword('idExists', {
  async: true,
  type: 'number',
  validate: checkIdExists
});


function checkIdExists(schema, data) {
  return knex(schema.table)
  .select('id')
  .where('id', data)
  .then(function (rows) {
    return !!rows.length; // true if record is found
  });
}

var schema = {
  "$async": true,
  "properties": {
    "userId": {
      "type": "integer",
      "idExists": { "table": "users" }
    },
    "postId": {
      "type": "integer",
      "idExists": { "table": "posts" }
    }
  }
};

var validate = ajv.compile(schema);

validate({ userId: 1, postId: 19 })
.then(function (data) {
  console.log('Data is valid', data); // { userId: 1, postId: 19 }
})
.catch(function (err) {
  if (!(err instanceof Ajv.ValidationError)) throw err;
  // data is invalid
  console.log('Validation errors:', err.errors);
});
```

### Using transpilers with asynchronous validation functions.

To use a transpiler you should separately install it (or load its bundle in the browser).

Ajv npm package includes minified browser bundles of regenerator and nodent in dist folder.


#### Using nodent

```javascript
var setupAsync = require('ajv-async');
var ajv = new Ajv({ /* async: 'es7', */ transpile: 'nodent' });
setupAsync(ajv);
var validate = ajv.compile(schema); // transpiled es7 async function
validate(data).then(successFunc).catch(errorFunc);
```

`npm install nodent` or use `nodent.min.js` from dist folder of npm package.


#### Using regenerator

```javascript
var setupAsync = require('ajv-async');
var ajv = new Ajv({ /* async: 'es7', */ transpile: 'regenerator' });
setupAsync(ajv);
var validate = ajv.compile(schema); // transpiled es7 async function
validate(data).then(successFunc).catch(errorFunc);
```

`npm install regenerator` or use `regenerator.min.js` from dist folder of npm package.


#### Using other transpilers

```javascript
var ajv = new Ajv({ async: 'es7', processCode: transpileFunc });
var validate = ajv.compile(schema); // transpiled es7 async function
validate(data).then(successFunc).catch(errorFunc);
```

See [Options](#options).


#### Comparison of async modes

|mode|transpile<br>speed*|run-time<br>speed*|bundle<br>size|
|---|:-:|:-:|:-:|
|es7 async<br>(native)|-|0.75|-|
|generators<br>(native)|-|1.0|-|
|es7.nodent|1.35|1.1|215Kb|
|es7.regenerator|1.0|2.7|1109Kb|
|regenerator|1.0|3.2|1109Kb|

\* Relative performance in Node.js 7.x — smaller is better.

[nodent](https://github.com/MatAtBread/nodent) has several advantages:

- much smaller browser bundle than regenerator
- almost the same performance of generated code as native generators in Node.js and the latest Chrome
- much better performance than native generators in other browsers
- works in IE 9 (regenerator does not)


## Filtering data

With [option `removeAdditional`](#options) (added by [andyscott](https://github.com/andyscott)) you can filter data during the validation.

This option modifies original data.

Example:

```javascript
var ajv = new Ajv({ removeAdditional: true });
var schema = {
  "additionalProperties": false,
  "properties": {
    "foo": { "type": "number" },
    "bar": {
      "additionalProperties": { "type": "number" },
      "properties": {
        "baz": { "type": "string" }
      }
    }
  }
}

var data = {
  "foo": 0,
  "additional1": 1, // will be removed; `additionalProperties` == false
  "bar": {
    "baz": "abc",
    "additional2": 2 // will NOT be removed; `additionalProperties` != false
  },
}

var validate = ajv.compile(schema);

console.log(validate(data)); // true
console.log(data); // { "foo": 0, "bar": { "baz": "abc", "additional2": 2 }
```

If `removeAdditional` option in the example above were `"all"` then both `additional1` and `additional2` properties would have been removed.

If the option were `"failing"` then property `additional1` would have been removed regardless of its value and property `additional2` would have been removed only if its value were failing the schema in the inner `additionalProperties` (so in the example above it would have stayed because it passes the schema, but any non-number would have been removed).

__Please note__: If you use `removeAdditional` option with `additionalProperties` keyword inside `anyOf`/`oneOf` keywords your validation can fail with this schema, for example:

```json
{
  "type": "object",
  "oneOf": [
    {
      "properties": {
        "foo": { "type": "string" }
      },
      "required": [ "foo" ],
      "additionalProperties": false
    },
    {
      "properties": {
        "bar": { "type": "integer" }
      },
      "required": [ "bar" ],
      "additionalProperties": false
    }
  ]
}
```

The intention of the schema above is to allow objects with either the string property "foo" or the integer property "bar", but not with both and not with any other properties.

With the option `removeAdditional: true` the validation will pass for the object `{ "foo": "abc"}` but will fail for the object `{"bar": 1}`. It happens because while the first subschema in `oneOf` is validated, the property `bar` is removed because it is an additional property according to the standard (because it is not included in `properties` keyword in the same schema).

While this behaviour is unexpected (issues [#129](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/issues/129), [#134](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/issues/134)), it is correct. To have the expected behaviour (both objects are allowed and additional properties are removed) the schema has to be refactored in this way:

```json
{
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "foo": { "type": "string" },
    "bar": { "type": "integer" }
  },
  "additionalProperties": false,
  "oneOf": [
    { "required": [ "foo" ] },
    { "required": [ "bar" ] }
  ]
}
```

The schema above is also more efficient - it will compile into a faster function.


## Assigning defaults

With [option `useDefaults`](#options) Ajv will assign values from `default` keyword in the schemas of `properties` and `items` (when it is the array of schemas) to the missing properties and items.

This option modifies original data.

__Please note__: by default the default value is inserted in the generated validation code as a literal (starting from v4.0), so the value inserted in the data will be the deep clone of the default in the schema.

If you need to insert the default value in the data by reference pass the option `useDefaults: "shared"`.

Inserting defaults by reference can be faster (in case you have an object in `default`) and it allows to have dynamic values in defaults, e.g. timestamp, without recompiling the schema. The side effect is that modifying the default value in any validated data instance will change the default in the schema and in other validated data instances. See example 3 below.


Example 1 (`default` in `properties`):

```javascript
var ajv = new Ajv({ useDefaults: true });
var schema = {
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "foo": { "type": "number" },
    "bar": { "type": "string", "default": "baz" }
  },
  "required": [ "foo", "bar" ]
};

var data = { "foo": 1 };

var validate = ajv.compile(schema);

console.log(validate(data)); // true
console.log(data); // { "foo": 1, "bar": "baz" }
```

Example 2 (`default` in `items`):

```javascript
var schema = {
  "type": "array",
  "items": [
    { "type": "number" },
    { "type": "string", "default": "foo" }
  ]
}

var data = [ 1 ];

var validate = ajv.compile(schema);

console.log(validate(data)); // true
console.log(data); // [ 1, "foo" ]
```

Example 3 (inserting "defaults" by reference):

```javascript
var ajv = new Ajv({ useDefaults: 'shared' });

var schema = {
  properties: {
    foo: {
      default: { bar: 1 }
    }
  }
}

var validate = ajv.compile(schema);

var data = {};
console.log(validate(data)); // true
console.log(data); // { foo: { bar: 1 } }

data.foo.bar = 2;

var data2 = {};
console.log(validate(data2)); // true
console.log(data2); // { foo: { bar: 2 } }
```

`default` keywords in other cases are ignored:

- not in `properties` or `items` subschemas
- in schemas inside `anyOf`, `oneOf` and `not` (see [#42](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/issues/42))
- in `if` subschema of `switch` keyword
- in schemas generated by custom macro keywords


## Coercing data types

When you are validating user inputs all your data properties are usually strings. The option `coerceTypes` allows you to have your data types coerced to the types specified in your schema `type` keywords, both to pass the validation and to use the correctly typed data afterwards.

This option modifies original data.

__Please note__: if you pass a scalar value to the validating function its type will be coerced and it will pass the validation, but the value of the variable you pass won't be updated because scalars are passed by value.


Example 1:

```javascript
var ajv = new Ajv({ coerceTypes: true });
var schema = {
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "foo": { "type": "number" },
    "bar": { "type": "boolean" }
  },
  "required": [ "foo", "bar" ]
};

var data = { "foo": "1", "bar": "false" };

var validate = ajv.compile(schema);

console.log(validate(data)); // true
console.log(data); // { "foo": 1, "bar": false }
```

Example 2 (array coercions):

```javascript
var ajv = new Ajv({ coerceTypes: 'array' });
var schema = {
  "properties": {
    "foo": { "type": "array", "items": { "type": "number" } },
    "bar": { "type": "boolean" }
  }
};

var data = { "foo": "1", "bar": ["false"] };

var validate = ajv.compile(schema);

console.log(validate(data)); // true
console.log(data); // { "foo": [1], "bar": false }
```

The coercion rules, as you can see from the example, are different from JavaScript both to validate user input as expected and to have the coercion reversible (to correctly validate cases where different types are defined in subschemas of "anyOf" and other compound keywords).

See [Coercion rules](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/blob/master/COERCION.md) for details.


## API

##### new Ajv(Object options) -&gt; Object

Create Ajv instance.


##### .compile(Object schema) -&gt; Function&lt;Object data&gt;

Generate validating function and cache the compiled schema for future use.

Validating function returns boolean and has properties `errors` with the errors from the last validation (`null` if there were no errors) and `schema` with the reference to the original schema.

Unless the option `validateSchema` is false, the schema will be validated against meta-schema and if schema is invalid the error will be thrown. See [options](#options).


##### <a name="api-compileAsync"></a>.compileAsync(Object schema [, Boolean meta] [, Function callback]) -&gt; Promise

Asynchronous version of `compile` method that loads missing remote schemas using asynchronous function in `options.loadSchema`. This function returns a Promise that resolves to a validation function. An optional callback passed to `compileAsync` will be called with 2 parameters: error (or null) and validating function. The returned promise will reject (and the callback will be called with an error) when:

- missing schema can't be loaded (`loadSchema` returns a Promise that rejects).
- a schema containing a missing reference is loaded, but the reference cannot be resolved.
- schema (or some loaded/referenced schema) is invalid.

The function compiles schema and loads the first missing schema (or meta-schema) until all missing schemas are loaded.

You can asynchronously compile meta-schema by passing `true` as the second parameter.

See example in [Asynchronous compilation](#asynchronous-schema-compilation).


##### .validate(Object schema|String key|String ref, data) -&gt; Boolean

Validate data using passed schema (it will be compiled and cached).

Instead of the schema you can use the key that was previously passed to `addSchema`, the schema id if it was present in the schema or any previously resolved reference.

Validation errors will be available in the `errors` property of Ajv instance (`null` if there were no errors).

__Please note__: every time this method is called the errors are overwritten so you need to copy them to another variable if you want to use them later.

If the schema is asynchronous (has `$async` keyword on the top level) this method returns a Promise. See [Asynchronous validation](#asynchronous-validation).


##### .addSchema(Array&lt;Object&gt;|Object schema [, String key])

Add schema(s) to validator instance. This method does not compile schemas (but it still validates them). Because of that dependencies can be added in any order and circular dependencies are supported. It also prevents unnecessary compilation of schemas that are containers for other schemas but not used as a whole.

Array of schemas can be passed (schemas should have ids), the second parameter will be ignored.

Key can be passed that can be used to reference the schema and will be used as the schema id if there is no id inside the schema. If the key is not passed, the schema id will be used as the key.


Once the schema is added, it (and all the references inside it) can be referenced in other schemas and used to validate data.

Although `addSchema` does not compile schemas, explicit compilation is not required - the schema will be compiled when it is used first time.

By default the schema is validated against meta-schema before it is added, and if the schema does not pass validation the exception is thrown. This behaviour is controlled by `validateSchema` option.


##### .addMetaSchema(Array&lt;Object&gt;|Object schema [, String key])

Adds meta schema(s) that can be used to validate other schemas. That function should be used instead of `addSchema` because there may be instance options that would compile a meta schema incorrectly (at the moment it is `removeAdditional` option).

There is no need to explicitly add draft 6 meta schema (http://json-schema.org/draft-06/schema and http://json-schema.org/schema) - it is added by default, unless option `meta` is set to `false`. You only need to use it if you have a changed meta-schema that you want to use to validate your schemas. See `validateSchema`.


##### <a name="api-validateschema"></a>.validateSchema(Object schema) -&gt; Boolean

Validates schema. This method should be used to validate schemas rather than `validate` due to the inconsistency of `uri` format in JSON Schema standard.

By default this method is called automatically when the schema is added, so you rarely need to use it directly.

If schema doesn't have `$schema` property, it is validated against draft 6 meta-schema (option `meta` should not be false).

If schema has `$schema` property, then the schema with this id (that should be previously added) is used to validate passed schema.

Errors will be available at `ajv.errors`.


##### .getSchema(String key) -&gt; Function&lt;Object data&gt;

Retrieve compiled schema previously added with `addSchema` by the key passed to `addSchema` or by its full reference (id). The returned validating function has `schema` property with the reference to the original schema.


##### .removeSchema([Object schema|String key|String ref|RegExp pattern])

Remove added/cached schema. Even if schema is referenced by other schemas it can be safely removed as dependent schemas have local references.

Schema can be removed using:
- key passed to `addSchema`
- it's full reference (id)
- RegExp that should match schema id or key (meta-schemas won't be removed)
- actual schema object that will be stable-stringified to remove schema from cache

If no parameter is passed all schemas but meta-schemas will be removed and the cache will be cleared.


##### <a name="api-addformat"></a>.addFormat(String name, String|RegExp|Function|Object format)

Add custom format to validate strings or numbers. It can also be used to replace pre-defined formats for Ajv instance.

Strings are converted to RegExp.

Function should return validation result as `true` or `false`.

If object is passed it should have properties `validate`, `compare` and `async`:

- _validate_: a string, RegExp or a function as described above.
- _compare_: an optional comparison function that accepts two strings and compares them according to the format meaning. This function is used with keywords `formatMaximum`/`formatMinimum` (defined in [ajv-keywords](https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv-keywords) package). It should return `1` if the first value is bigger than the second value, `-1` if it is smaller and `0` if it is equal.
- _async_: an optional `true` value if `validate` is an asynchronous function; in this case it should return a promise that resolves with a value `true` or `false`.
- _type_: an optional type of data that the format applies to. It can be `"string"` (default) or `"number"` (see https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv/issues/291#issuecomment-259923858). If the type of data is different, the validation will pass.

Custom formats can be also added via `formats` option.


##### <a name="api-addkeyword"></a>.addKeyword(String keyword, Object definition)

Add custom validation keyword to Ajv instance.

Keyword should be different from all standard JSON schema keywords and different from previously defined keywords. There is no way to redefine keywords or to remove keyword definition from the instance.

Keyword must start with a letter, `_` or `$`, and may continue with letters, numbers, `_`, `$`, or `-`.
It is recommended to use an application-specific prefix for keywords to avoid current and future name collisions.

Example Keywords:
- `"xyz-example"`: valid, and uses prefix for the xyz project to avoid name collisions.
- `"example"`: valid, but not recommended as it could collide with future versions of JSON schema etc.
- `"3-example"`: invalid as numbers are not allowed to be the first character in a keyword

Keyword definition is an object with the following properties:

- _type_: optional string or array of strings with data type(s) that the keyword applies to. If not present, the keyword will apply to all types.
- _validate_: validating function
- _compile_: compiling function
- _macro_: macro function
- _inline_: compiling function that returns code (as string)